Glossary
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Glossary of the letter "o"
All words also link to dictionary.com definitions for further information.
1/4 jack - Named from it's 1/4" shank diameter. Available with either two (tip and ring) or three (tip ring sleeve) contact points along shank. Used primaraly for "line voltage" connections on recording equipment.
1/8 jack - Named from it's 1/8" shank diameter. Available with either two (tip and ring) or three (tip ring sleeve) contact points along shank.
a/d convertor - A device that converts analog signal to digital data.
absorption - Quality of a surface or substance to take in, not reflect, a sound wave.
acoustics - The science dealing with sound and it's physical properties. See also, psychoacoustics.
aes/ebu professional interface - Standard for sending and receiving digital audio adopted by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcast Union.
aftertouch - The amount of pressure applied to a key at any given point while the key is being held down. Pressure sensitive keyboard can have varying presure levels WHILE beingheld down.
ambience - Portion of sound that comes from the surrounding environment rather than directly from the sound source
ambient field/reverberant field - The area away from the sound source where the reverberation is louder than the direct sound
ambient micing - Placing a microphone in the reverberant field where the reverberation is louder than the direct sound so as to do a separate recording of the ambience or to allow the recording engineer to change the mix of direct to reverberant sound in recording
amp emulator - See amp modeler.
amp modeler - A piece of hardware (or sometimes software) that attempts to recreate the sound of an amplifier/speaker setup and generally allows the convenience of direct recording while still getting the sound of a huge stack, small combo, or whatever your simulating.
amp simulator - See amp modeler
amplitude - The depth, or excursion of a vibration or wave. In audio waves, it translates to loudness.
analog - Continuous electrical method of transmitting, modifying, and recording sound. e.g. the output of a guitar pickup or a microphone. An example of an analog recording would be tape or record. As apposed to digital, being a series of samples.
asio - A standard for sound card drivers that offer very high performance and very low latency in a supporting application.
attack - The speed at which the unit reacts to the signal.
attenuation - Reduction of electrical or acoustic signal strength
audio - All vibration that falls between the frequency range of 20 to 20K Hz, and therefore detectable to the human ear. Often used in recording to mean the desired sound of the recording as apposed to undesired noise.
automation - A feature that lets an engineer program control changes (such as fader level) so that upon playback of the multitrack recording these changes happen automatically
aux loop - A signal loop available in many mixers to send a channel (or more than one) out of the mixer to a signal processor (effects unit or the like) and loop back into the board to be sent out of the main outs.
aux return/send - These are paths out of and back into a mixer, preamp or whatever device you find them in. They are usually user as a way to get your signal out of the device and run through effects or other signal processing devices such as an EQ, then back into the mix.
baffles - Sound absorbing panels used to prevent sound waves from entering or leaving a certain space
balanced - This typically refers to cables (usually with 1/4 inch jacks) with three conductors to utilize phasing for cleaner signal with less interferance.
bandwidth - The range of frequencies over which a tape recorder, amplifier or other audio device is useful, the range of frequencies affected by an equalization setting
beats per minute (bpm) - The number of steady even pulses in music occurring in one minute and there fore defining the tempo of the song
bi-amplification - A way of optimizing the efficiency of a speaker system by separately amplifying the High Frequency (HF) and Low Frequency (LF) portions of the sound signal and sending them down two pairs of cables to the speaker (Multipin Speakon connectors have been dev
bit rate - One aspect of a digital sample. Often referred to as sample depth. Primarily effects amplitude of a sample. Bit rates are generally 16, 20, 24 and 32. The larger the number of the bit rate the more precisely the amplitude is represented.
bleeding - When you get the sound of one track in with another, common problem when recording drums or doing a voice over while monitoring through speakers instead of headphones.
bottom - Bass frequencies (bottom end)
bouncing - Playing several tacks with sync playback through a console to mix them together and record them on an open track
breakout box - Nifty little box which provides convenient access to analog in's and out's from the computer. Provided with some soundcards and some USB or Firewire sound card equivalent components.
bulk dump - A method of transmitting data, such as the internal parameters of a MIDI device to another MIDI device
burning - The task of imprinting digital sound recording files to a CD or DVD for future playback on standard audio or audio/visual equipment.
bus - Also refered to as sub-mix. A group of tracks routed to a bus for processing as a mixed group. Usually added back into main mix post processing. Busses can also be as seperate outputs from a mixer to a soundcard.
cables - 1/4 inch: Unbalanced cable most often used for instruments and patch cords. TRS (Tip-Ring-Sleeve): Balanced cable that has 3 different contacts on its 1/4 inch connectors (headphone jacks are an example) XLR: Balanced cable used for low impedance
cancellation (phase cancellation) - The energy of one waveform significantly decreasing the energy of another waveform because of phase relationships at or close to 180 degrees
capsule - The variable capacitor section of a condenser microphone, in other types of microphones, the part of the microphone that includes the diaphragm and the active element
cardioid pattern - A microphone pick up pattern, which has maximum pick up from the front, less pick up from the sides, and least pick up from the back of the diaphragm
cascade - To set and interconnect two mixers so that the stereo mixing buss(es) of the first mixer feeds the stereo buss(es) of a second mixer
center frequency - Frequency of the audio signal that is boosted or attenuated most by an equalizer with a peak equalization curve
chamber - Echo Chambers are rooms designed with very hard, non-parallel surfaces equipped with a speaker and microphone so that when dry signals from the console are fed to the speaker, the microphone will have a reverberation of these signals that can be mixed in
channel - One audio recording made on a portion of the width of a multitrack tape, a single path that an audio signal travels or can travel through a device from an input to an output
chase - Automatic adjusting of the speed of a recorder (or sequencer) to be time with another recorder
chops - Slang term refering to a musicians skills on his or her instrument.
clean - A distortion free sound
clipping - In analog form an extreamly high signal which can not pass through the electronics causing moderate distortion. In digital form a signal higher than 0 Db that can not be represented by a digital sample causing extreme distortion and noise.
clock signal - The signal put out by a circuit that generates steady even pulses or steady codes used for synchronization
close micing - Technique of placing a microphone close to the sound source (within one foot) in order to pick up mainly the direct sound and to avoid picking up leakage or ambience
coincident microphones (coincident pair) - Two microphones whose heads are placed as close as possible to each other so that the path length from any sound source to either microphone is for all practical purposes, the same
comb filter - Frequency response achieved by mixing a direct signal with a delayed signal of equal strength especially at short delays; used to also describe effects that can be achieved with comb filtering as part of the processing
compressor - Highly recommended hardware device which compresses the amplitude levels of a signal. Almost always suggested for use on drums and vocals and other sources that demonstrate a wide range of volume or amplitude.
condenser - A Condensor mic often used in studio applications is a more sensitive mic than it's counterpart the dynamic. Available in a variety of pick-up patterns. Per increased sensitivity needs power to operate refered to as Phantom power.
console - See Mixer
control surface - A computer-based component that connects to your computer and acts as a control panel for your software.
converter - In audio, this refers to A/D (analogue to digital) or D/A (digital to analog) Converter 'chips' or gear.
corner frequency (cut-off frequency) - The highest or lowest frequency in the pass band of a filter
critical distance - The point from the sound source where the direct sound and the reverberant sound are equal in volume
crossover - Electronic filter in a sound system that routes sound of the correct frequency to the correct part of the speaker system (active crossovers split the signal from the mixing desk into high, mid and low frequencies which are then sent to three separate ampl
crossover frequency - Frequency that is the outer limit of one of the bands of a crossover
crosstalk - Leakage of an audio signal into a channel that it is not intended to be in, from an adjacent or nearby channel
cue - Signal fed back to the musicians through headphones, to set the tape or disc so that the intended selection will immediately play when the tape machine or player is started, a location point entered into a computer controlling the playback or recording of
cut-off frequency (turnover frequency) - Highest or lowest frequency in the pass band of a filter, highest or lowest frequency passed by an audio device (the cut-off frequency is usually considered to be the first frequency to be 3 dB lower than a reference frequency in the middle of the bandwid
cut-off rate (slope) - Number of dB that a filter reduces the signal for each octave its frequency past the filter's cut-off frequency (outside of the pass band)
cycle - Alternation of a waveform which begins at a point, passes through the zero line, and ends at a point with the same value and moving in the same direction as the starting point
cycles per second - Unit used in the measure of frequency, equivalent to Hertz
d/a convertor - A device that coverts digital data to an analog signal.
daw - Digital audio workstation
db (decibel) - Numerical expression of the relative loudness of a sound *difference in decibels between two sounds is ten times the common logarithm of the ratio of their power levels; Relative measurement for the volume (loudness) of sound
dbu - Decibel unit, or, a unit in the measurement of sound.
delay - Sound equipment that can momentarily stores a signal being sent to part of a P.A. system so that delayed reinforced sound reaches the audience at the same time as live sound from the stage, effect used to create echo
di box - "Direct Injection" Box. Changes the line level of an instrument so that it can be plugged directly into the console.
diaphragm - Thin flexible membrane or cone that vibrates in response to electrical signals to produce sound waves
diffraction - Breaking up of a sound wave caused by some type of mechanical interference such as a cabinet edge, grill frame, or other similar object
digital - Also referred to as Digital Domain. 1. Sound which is created by a digital means. 2. Analog sound which has been sampled by a computer. Digital sound is "recorded" as a series of samples to be converted later to analog for listening.
digital audio - The representation of an analogue electrical audio signal in digital form, that is, 1s and 0s. The transfer to and from the digital domain is either A/D or D/A conversion
direct (recording) - Running the output of an electronic instrument, amp simulator or sound generator directly into the recording chain, thereby eliminating the need to use a microphone.
direct box - Used in line to convert a high impedance signal into a low impedance signal
directx - A Microsoft programming standard for plugins and virtual instruments which allows 3rd party manufacturers the ability to make products that will work with any application which supports the standard.
distorted - fuzzy and scratchy sound
distortion - Usually undesirable result of overloading sound equipment
dither - For audio, dithering is done by adding noise of a level less than the least-significant bit before rounding to 16 bits. The added noise has the effect of spreading the many short-term errors across the audio spectrum as broadband noise.
dolby - Trade name for a series of noise reduction systems that have become standard on many tape playback machines
dropout - This is when playback on your PC stops for no apparant reason. Often it is caused buy trying to record, playback and process more than your PC can handle, and therefore it just stops doing anything...not always, but often that is the case.
dry - A sound without any effects on it
dsp - Digital Signal Processor
dxi - A programming standard for virtual instruments which allows 3rd party manufacturers the ability to make instruments that will work with any application which supports the standard. Operation is based on that of MIDI protocol.
dynamic mic - A Dynamic mic often used "on stage" offers durability. Although less sensitive than the condensor does not require power to operate. Dynamics are also limited to cardiod pick-up pattern.
envelope - 1. Applied to a waveform imaginary lines drawn across the amplitude peaks of the waveform. 2. Applied to music the chordal, or rythmic structures of an arrangement or song. e.g. Playing outside of the envelope or outside of structure.
eq - Equalization. Frequency (pitch) selective filtering of audio in order to boost or cut levels inside the specified frequency range (bandwidth)
flam - A drumbeat consisting of two almost simultaneous strokes of which the first is a very rapid grace note.
flat (frequency response) - A term used to describe 'reference' equipment, if the equipment in question had a frequency response that showed all frequencies to be equal, then the line on the graph would be flat.
foh - "Front of House" speakers, as in primary PA system for live shows.
frequency response - A measure of spectral coloration introduced by a system. It is usually represented as a graphic plot with frequency and level axis, showing the resulting output curve from a 'flat' input. It can also be expressed as a bandwidth with level variation,
gating - using a "gate" effect, a gate being a processor that will "open the gate" when a signal reaches a preset level and "close the gate", stopping the signal, when the signal drops below a set threshold.
hard knee - A sharply defined cutoff on a filter.
hardware - Any part of a product that isn't data (Software): electronic components, chassis, and so on.
harmonic - Also referred to as over-tone. Directly effect the tonal quality of a sound. Sound construction starts with the primary pitch or frequency. Harmonics that develop "around" the pitch blend with pitch creating tone or charector.
headphones - devices that can be worn on the head with small speakers that fit over the ears (or sometimes into the ears)
headroom - The difference between the highest level present in a signal and the maximum level the audio component can handle without creating distortion.
hi-z - high-impedance
id (scsi) - A 3-bit number (0 to 7) used to identify individual devices in a scsi chain.
khz - A measure of frequency (pitch), meaning '1000's of cycles per second; Human hearing is generally considered to range from 20Hz-20kHz
latency - The amount of time between a signal getting to the sound card and the time it comes out the speakers. Generally the better the sound card the lower the latency. Directly effected by processor efficiency and number and type of processing effects.
loop - A measure or two of a particular beat or pattern, ranging from a single instrument to a full band. This can often be used to create the rhythm section of a song, or used for inspiration purposes to get the user to make their own song from it's beat.
low-z - low-impedance
master - 1. A completed collection of songs such as an album pressed to a glass master CD. 2. The process (art) of assembling songs in an album with consideration of flow of songs, flow between songs, Cohesive sound of all songs, etc.
microphone - Transducer which converts sound pressure waves into electrical signals, device for converting sound into electrical pulses which can then be amplified or recorded onto tape (signals from a mic are very low level and are amplified in the mixing desk to lin
midi - "Musical Instrument Digital Interface" - The protocol used by synthesizer instruments or sounds and controllers to talk to each other. MIDI control signals are also used to assign master/slave control between various MIDI equipment.
mixer - Harware made up of many channels and consisting of multiple inputs and outputs used to "mix" several sources into one sound. Usually has an independant EQ section and adjustable preamp for each channel.
mme - The old Windows standard for sound card drivers, usually used by Windows 98 and older. Low performance and high latency. MME has been replaced by the WDM standard for Windows as well as the third party standard, ASIO.
monitors - Speakers created specifically for the purpose of recording and mixing. Very flat uncolored frequency response with a highly directional sound pattern. Highly recommended gear for setting stereo field and hearing how well a mix of tracks work together.
muchly - A word dB made up. It means the same as much or a lot.
multitracker - A device, analog or digital, that has the ability of recording multiple "layers" of audio, one at a time to produce the sound of an entire band, even if all layers are played by one person at different times.
multitracking - The step of the recording process that involves getting each instrument of a song recorded on it's own individual track for mixing and processing.
normalize - A simple software algorithm that finds the mazimum amplitide in a waveform, calculates the available headroom to a user selected value (often 0db). The entire waveform is then "amplified" puting the max amplitide at the selected value.
optical - A digital interface which utilizes light pulses for data transfer. Very common in 5.1 surround setups and home theatre equipment as well as ADAT equipment. Provides extremely fast data transfer.
oscillator - An oscillator is an electronic device used for the purpose of generating a signal. Oscillators are found in computers, wireless receivers and transmitters, and audio-frequency equipment, particularly music synthesizers.
outboard - This is often used to describe a device that is outside of the PC or DAW such as a rackmount effects unit or EQ, or an effects pedal.
panning - The act of moving a signal around in the sound field to sound as though it is coming from a specific direction. Whether stereo, surround or any other field format.
patch bay - Hardware device that routes the ins and outs of your outboard gear and locates them neatly into a single unit. Usually rackmountable and used for racks of gear to prevent having to crawl behind and reroute the cables every time you need to repatch things.
phantom power - A means by which power is supplied to microphones that need it. Many modern mixers support phontom power. If yours does not, a power supply can be purchased seperately.
phase (phasing) - Electrical term refering to the timing difference between two or more signals. Can be productive when used to create a stereo effect, or destructive when two out of phase records of the same "voice" do not line up.
pitch - The primary, root, or center frequency of a sound. Directly effects how well "in tune" a sound is. Blended with harmonics, pitch will develop tone or character.
pod - Amp emulator/effects box from Line 6
polyphony - This is how many notes can be played simultaneously. For instance, a monophonic synth can only play one key at a time.
preamp - A device that boosts a microphone and/or instrument signals to "line level" for input into recording equipment, effect processors and other devices.
premaster - 1. A song ready for inclusion in the mastering process. (see master) 2. The process (art) of processing a mix with consideration of overall volume, sparkel, warmth, etc. Taking a song from ok to WOW!
preset - A saved settings in a hardware synth, sampler or signal processor, or a software program or plugin so you can easily call up the same settings later.
proximity effect - in directional microphones, the boost in the microphone's output for bass frequencies as the mic is moved closer to the sound source
psychoacoustics - The science dealing with the human perception of sound. See also, acoustics.
quantize - To take note that are slightly out of time and place them in the nearest exact beat as specified in the resolution of the quantization.
rack - 1. Enclosure or stand for recording equipment. Usually 19" in width. Provides drilled rails for mounting equipment. 2. A portion of the female anatomy located at front between the sholders and belly button.
rca - Cable connector used for a variety of applications. Analog audio, digital audio, and video. It is two conductor consisting of a center signal conductor with an outer "shield" ring which makes the plug exceptional for shielding stray signal.
red book - A standard for burning music CD's. The standard is a function of the CD burning software. Software that conforms to Red Book Standard uses a a digital format which offers the best possible compatability with audio CD players.
release - Release is a term used for envelopes. It is the period when the envelope falls from its sustain level downto its dead level.
reverb - An spacial effect applied to sound that mimics the acoustic of different rooms from small closets to large cathedrals and arenas.
roll-off - the reduction of signal level as the frequency of the signal moves away from the cut-off frequency, especially when the cut-off rate is mild
s/pdif - Sony/Phillips (as in the company) Digital InterFace. It was created by Sony/Phillips to be a standard in digital audio data transfer.
sample - A small chunk of audio that represents an instrument sound or sound effects. such as one note of a bass guitar, or a single hit on a snare drum.
sample rate - Refer to sample speed.
sample speed - One aspect of a digital sample. Often to referred to as sample rate. Common current sample rates are 44.1k, 48k and 96k. e.g. 48k equals 48,000 samples per second. Primarily effects how high of a frequency can be represented.
sawtooth (waveform) - The name comes from the fact that the waveform resembles with the form of a sawtooth of a wood saw, it is slowly going up to then steeply fall down.
scoop - Generally used as a "cut" in the EQ. Cutting a range of frequencies in the middle of the spectrum is referred to as a "scoop".
scsi - Small computer system interface. Parallel data interface used to connect storage devices to a computer (hard drives, CD-ROMs, and so on).
sequencer - Recording, editing and playback software. Most sequencers now include audio recording and editing as well as the usual MIDI functions.
shockmount - A little contraption that condensor mics are often put into to prevent noise from bleeding into the mic from little bumps into the mic stand and such. They are equiped with rubber or elastic suspension to absorb the shock of bumps.
siab - Shortened acronym for "Studio in a Box"
sibilance - Of, characterized by, or producing a hissing sound like that of (s) or (sh)
sidechain - The control circuit of a dynamics processing device
sine (waveform) - The Sine waveform is a waveform following the mathematical function of sin. To the ear will it sound like a very pure tone.
snap - Tool used in most audio/midi recording/editing apps to align audio or midi clips, and midi notes to time. This can be either to the beggining of a measure, 1/2, 1/4 note etc. And usually as small as the app will count time to.
soft knee - A rounded drop off at the cutoff frequency of a filter.
soundcard - An internal or external device which provides analog to digital and digital to analog conversion of signal providing a sound I/O interface for a computer. The term is often used to mean Studio Quality soundcard as many grades are available.
square (waveform) - The square waveform has got it's name from the fact that it is similar to an square. It has two levels, they are equally long in time and they are alternated with very quick jumps (very steep slopes).
stereo - Sound broadcast from two seperated sources. e.g. speakers or headphones. Each source contains unique sound creating a field of sound. Both sources may contain the same "voices" at different amplitudes & or time.
sustain - Sustain is a term used for envelopes. It is the level that the decay will strive for. One can speak of a sustain phase such that the envelope is very close to the sustain level and the decay changes are very small.
tablature (tab) - sheet music for stringed instruments that uses numbers to designate where on the neck of the guitar the fingers are placed
talk back - system which allows the engineer to talk into a microphone in the control room and have his voice come over the studio monitors and/or headphones so he can talk to the musicians
talk box - guitar effects unit that allows a voice to modulate (control) a guitar signal by a vocalist talking with a tube in his/her mouth
tape delay - delay signal that is obtained by the time difference between the record and reproduce head in a tape machine
tempo mapping - programming a sequencer to follow the tempo variations of a recorded performance
thd - Total Harmonic Distortion
thru box - unit with one MIDI In Port and several MIDI Out Ports; each MIDI Out Port has the same signal as the MIDI In Port but with a delay of the signal (usually about 4 ms)
thru port - a connector that puts out a MIDI signal that is the same as the Input MIDI signal
tim - transient intermodulation distortion
tone - The quality or character of sound.
track - 1.A single recording. Usually monophonic, but can be stereo. An example of a track would a recording of a vocalist. Tracks can be combined via the process of mixing to create "songs". 2. Tracks on a CD or Songs on a CD.
transient - applies to that which lasts or stays but a short time, a change from one steady-state condition to another, the initial high-energy peak at the beginning of a waveform, such as one caused by the percussive action of a pick or hammer hitting the string, et
trs - A 3 conductor jack (Tip Ring Sleeve) that can handle a stereo signal with a single jack. The tip being one signal, the ring being another and the sleeve being the ground.
truss rod - a metal rod within the neck of the guitar which can be adjusted, used to straighten the neck
unbalanced - This typically refers to cables (usually with 1/4 inch jacks) with two conductors such as the standard guitar-to-amp cable. With 3 conductors it becomes "balanced" for by use of phasing properties and less interference in the signal.
unidirectional - a pick-up pattern which is more sensitive to sound arriving from one direction than from any other
unity gain - no increase or decrease in signal strength at the output of an amplifier or device compared to the signal strength at the input
upper midrange - frequencies between 2 kHz and 6 kHz
vacuum tube - amplifying device that is a tube
vacuum tube volt meter - device that measures the electrical voltage and uses a vacuum tube to drive the indicator so that testing the circuit does not load the circuit
vca - an amplifier that will change gain according to the level of control voltage sent to it
velocity message - in synthesizers and keyboard controllers, a MIDI message giving data on how hard the key was struck
vocal - the track of a song that contains singers doing their vocal tracks.
vocoder - I device that accepts a vocal signal and instrument signal and combines the two to create a mechanical sound voice in tune with the instrument.
voice - 1. The human voice. 2. The "voice" of any instrument. Often used in music to mean the tonal quality of any instrument or human voice.
volume control - gain control of an amplifier
volume envelope - how a musical instrument sounding a pitch changes in volume over time
volume pedal - guitar pedal used to change the volume of an instrument (or a similar device used with other instruments, such as an organ)
volume unit - a unit that is designed to measure perceived loudness changes in audio volume
vox - shorthand for "vocals"
vst - A programming standard for plugins and virtual instruments which allows 3rd party manufacturers the ability to make products that will work with any application which supports the standard.
vsti - A programming standard for virtual instruments which allows 3rd party manufacturers the ability to make instruments that will work with any application which supports the standard. Operation is based on that of MIDI protocol.
wave length - the length of one cycle (in feet, inches, etc.), the distance measured in the direction of progression of a wave, from any given point characterized by the same phase
wave velocity - the time it takes for one point of the waveform to travel a certain distance
waveform - The physical or mathematical nature of a soundwave. Normally refers to the common graphic representation of a soundwave, with level on the x-axis, and time on the y-axis
waveform - the shape made by the fluctuations of a quantity over time
waveshape - the shape made by the fluctuations of a quantity over time
wdm - A new Windows standard for sound card drivers that offer higher performance than the previous MME standards, however, still not as high as the ASIO standard. Supported by Windows ME and newer, even Windows 98SE with the proper updates.
wet - having reverberation or ambience
wha - a changing filter giving more and less filtering of harmonics of an instrument's sound
white noise - random noise used in measurements, as it has the same amount of energy at each frequency, a random energy where there is an energy distribution so that the amount of energy is the same for each cycle, causing the noise level to increase with frequency
wide band noise - noise that has energy over a wide range of frequencies
wind screen - a device that reduces or eliminates wind noise from the microphone being moved or from wind blowing into the microphone on remote location recordings
woofer - a speaker that is designed to reproduce bass frequencies only, to handle the low frequency parts of the signal
word clock - A word clock is a device used to create a regular pulse used to synchronise other devices, such as digital audio tape machines and compact disc players, which interconnect via digital audio. S/PDIF, AES/EBU, ADAT and other formats use a word clock.
work station - a device that controls a variety of functions, designed to be operated by one person
wow - a low pitch change that happens because the recorder or playback machine fluctuating in speed slowly
write - to record digital data onto a digital recording or into computer memory
write head - the device in a digital audio tape recorder that records the bits of digital information onto the storage medium
write mode - mode of operation of an automated console where the engineer is in control of channel gain and the computer is storing changes in gain caused by the engineer over time
write protect - tab on a floppy disc or a function in a unit which protects recorded or stored data from being damaged or erased by writing over it
xlr - A specific type of cord connector/connection jack. Typically seen on microphones and has three connection pins inside of a round casing. it has three connectors for better grounding and therefore cleaner sound.
y-cord - Cable with three connectors so that one output may be sent to two inputs
zero db - The common reference point when discussing sound levels. Levels above 0 dB are expressed as positive (+5dB) and those below as negative (-20dB)
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